Volume 2 : Analytical techniques

Volume 2 of the Guidelines aims to inform both specialists and non-specialists about a wide variety of analytical techniques that may be usefully applied to the study of bronze sculpture. It is divided into 8 chapters. Measurements are discussed in the first chapter. Imaging techniques concern a wide variety of methods from photography to radiography including surface metrology. The third chapter focuses on bulk metal analysis, whereas chapter 4 is devoted to surface layers (patina, gilding, etc). Refractory cores analysis requires particular methods which deserve a specific chapter (chapter 4). Although still underexplored, absolute dating of bronze statuary may be possible as is seen in chapter 5. A chapter devoted to experimentation appeared necessary since experimental simulation/reconstruction of part or all a process has proven to be a powerful tool to understand technical clues (chapter 6). Finally, some guidance are given on data reporting including information dissemination (chapter 7).

Each chapter covers two objectives. First, an overview of each technique’s principles, capabilities, limitations and requirements is targeted at the non-specialist. Some insights about when they were first applied to bronze statuary is given as well. The second objective is to provide detailed technical information for specialist practitioners about how to best apply the technique specifically to the study of bronze sculpture.

Hence, on the one hand each chapter:

. shortly describes physical principles of the techniques and the history of their application to bronze statuary, when relevant (eg photography may not, whereas radiography or core analysis may..)

. reports the capabilities of the techniques and the kind of useful information that may be expected from a successful application.

. gives limitations and uncertainties associated with the techniques.

. reports on sampling requirements and/or potential for damage to the artwork.

. discusses the time and resources required to apply the technique

. offers references for further reading.

On the other hand, each chapter:

. provides practitioners with best practices .

. details technical information on appropriate experimental parameters for successful analysis.

. shares useful tips and strategies from experienced practitioners.

. offers guidance on interpretation of results.

. points to considerations to assure that, as much as possible, results can be meaningfully shared with other colleagues and collaborators.

. gives references to technical literature.